Cupid – He is the son of Venus and is also called Love. He is the god of love who fell in love with a mortal named Psyche. He was also the “winged serpent” being referred to by the oracle of Apollo.

Psyche – The most beautiful maiden among the three daughters of the king and the queen and was thought to be married to a terrible winged serpent.

Venus – She is a goddess and the mother of Cupid. She became jealous and envious with Psyche since all the attention that was once centered to her was drawn unintentionally and unconsciously by Psyche.

Apollo’s oracle – He was the one to say to the father of Psyche that her daughter is destined to marry a winged serpent (which was actually Cupid). He was the one that connived with Cupid to make sure that Psyche end up being at the side of him.

Zephyr – The sweetest and mildest of the winds.

Psyche’s Sisters – They were jealous about the fortune that Psyche has gained for herself and have plotted to ruin everything for Psyche.

The Ants – They are the ones to help Psyche with the task to separate the grains from one another.

The Green Reed – This was the one to advise Psyche to wait until dark to be able to collect golden wool hanging on the sheep briars.

The Eagle – This was the one to help Psyche fill the flask with the black water.

SHORT SUMMARY:

There once lived a king and a queen that was blessed to have three lovely maidens. Of the three, Psyche outshined them all in terms of beauty. People say that even goddesses cannot compare to her beauty. Men were very much struck in awe with this sight and thus adored the lady so much that they have forgotten about Venus. The problem is that no man seemed to like to marry Psyche. Her sisters and parents were very much worried about this and her father made a desperate move. He went to ask on ways on how to find the perfect man for her daughter but terrible reply was given to him by the oracle. The oracle said that her daughter is destined to marry a terrible creature- a winged serpent. With this, the whole family lamented as if Psyche was dead already. But the lady kept her courage and followed the instructions to be left in the topmost hill alone until her destined husband comes and get her.

At the hill, she waited for her doom to arrive but no serpent arrived. Because of Zephyr, the sweetest and mildest of the winds, she had a very good feeling and she fell asleep. Upon waking up, she was beside a river and there she saw a mansion with pillars of gold and has very astounding beauty. It seems like it was created for a god. To here surprise, there was no one in there and that made her to be hesitant in entering. But their were voices telling her that she should not be afraid because the house is for her and she must enter in it and simply feel at home. Throughout the day, the only companion Psyche had were the voices she hears. No husband or lover showed in there but she was sure that when night comes, her husband would be with her. True enough because with the night coming, she felt that her husband was near him and that she could feel for his presence. This relationship continued for days. Psyche never had the chance to see her husband, yet.

One day, Psyche’s husband warned her about the coming of her sisters at the hill she was left and there they would cry their sorrows for their beloved sister. He said that no matter what, she should not see them or something terrible would happen. But the desire to see her sisters has driven Psyche to yell to her husband that she really wants to see them. Her husband ended up to let it be. That day came and her two sisters were able to visit the house of Psyche by the help of Zephyr. There they saw their sister and the rest was history. It was a perfect reunion however, because of the seen fortune of Psyche; her two sisters were raging with jealousy and envy and have plotted a plan to ruin everything for Psyche and her husband. Psyche’s sisters were able to visit her again even if this was not agreed by her husband. Her sisters used reversed psychology on her and were able to find out that she never saw husband at all. They at last made her admit that they were right and they have asked them for their advice. They advised her to have a lamp and a knife beside her when night comes and when her husband was sound asleep, she should lit the lamp to see him and plunge him with the knife and then go with them. After all the confusions, Psyche still end up following this advice and there, when night came, to her surprise, she saw that her husband was no monster. He was the god of love, Cupid. To great shame, with her shaking hands, she attempted to end her life with the knife but the knife fell. Hot oil spilled from the lamp and flowed on the shoulders of Cupid that was sleeping. He woke up and found out of the faithlessness of his husband and fled away from her.

Psyche was left with great shame for what have happened but have decided to look for her husband and not give up no matter what. She then ended up being the servant of Venus, the mother of Cupid. Venus did all that she can in order to make it hard for Psyche but as always, when the going goes hard, help always comes to her rescue. She has given hard tasks to Psyche such as separate grains that are mixed in limited time only, collect golden wool from sheep, fill a flask with black water from a mountain that only winged creature can actually do and go to the underworld to meet Proserpine. In the end, after healing his wounds, Cupid decided to look for her husband and found her sleeping in the middle of the last task that was given by Venus. The two were married and Psyche was made immortal by the gods and they lived happily ever after.

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For the first few times, just get into the rhythm and copy the one-handed sign alphabet.

At the same time, you’ll be seeing the pictures out of the corner of your eye. It’s ok to peek at other things going on the screen.

As you get the words linked into the pictures - which are linked into the letters - which are linked into the rhythm, try to let it all become a part of you. If possible, try NOT to memorize the textual ‘dot dash’ renderings of the morse code.

Just sing the words to the rhythm and you’ll have the Morse-code alphabet already.

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An extinct language is a language which no longer has any speakers, whereas a dead language is a language which is no longer spoken by anyone as their main language. Normally this conversion to an extinct language occurs when a language undergoes language death while being directly replaced by a different one. For example: Coptic, which was replaced by Arabic, and many Native American languages, which were replaced by English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese.

Language extinction also occurs when a language undergoes rapid evolution or assimilation until it eventually gives birth to an offspring, i.e., a dissimilar language or family of language. Such is the case with Old English which is the parent of Modern English.

In some cases, an extinct language remains in use for scientific, legal, or ecclesiastical functions. Old Church Slavonic, Avestan, Coptic, Old Tibetan and Ge’ez are among the many extinct languages used as sacred languages.

Hebrew is an example of a nearly extinct spoken language that became a lingua franca and a liturgical language that has been revived to become a living spoken language.

The following are the list of extinct languages (last speakers and date of extinction included) with last known speaker and/or date of death.

1. Adai: (late 19th century)

2. Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)

3. Entire Alsean family

1. Alsea: John Albert (1942)

2. Yaquina: (1884)

4. Apalachee: (early 18th century)

5. Atakapa: (early 20th century)

6. Atsugewi: (1988)

7. Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a.k.a. “Nancy April”) (1829)

8. entire Catawban family:

1. Catawba: before 1960

2. Woccon

9. Cayuse: (ca. 1930s)

10. Chemakum: (ca. 1940s)

11. Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)

12. Chimariko: (ca. 1930s)

13. Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)

B. Language Death

In linguistics, language death (also language extinction, linguistic extinction, and sometimes pejoratively as linguicide) is a process that affects speech communities where the level of linguistic competence that speakers possess of a given language idiom is decreased.

Total language death occurs when there are no speakers of a given language idiom remaining in a population where the idiom was previously used (i.e. when all native speakers die). Language death may affect any language idiom, including dialects and languages.

The study of language loss at the individual level focuses on what is lost - a first language (L1) or a second language (L2) - and where it is lost - in an L1 or L2 environment.

B.1.Manifestations of Language Death

Language death may manifest itself in one of the following ways:

* gradual language death

* bottom-to-top language death

* radical language death

* linguicide (a.k.a. sudden language death, language death by genocide, physical language death, biological language death)

The most common process leading to language death is one in which a community of speakers of one language becomes bilingual in another language, and gradually shifts allegiance to the second language until they cease to use their original (or heritage) language. This is a process of assimilation which may be voluntary or may be forced upon a population. Speakers of some languages, particularly regional or minority languages may decide to abandon them based on economic or utilitarian grounds, in favour of languages regarded as having greater utility or prestige. Languages can also die when their speakers are wiped out by genocide, disease, or the rare event of devastating natural catastrophe.

A language is often declared to be dead even before the last native speaker of the language has died. If there are only a few elderly speakers of a language remaining, and they no longer use that language for communication, then the language is effectively dead. A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund. The process of attrition occurs when intergenerational transmission of a “heritage language”, mother tongue or native language has effectively stopped. This is rarely a sudden event, but a slow process of each generation learning less and less of the language, until its use is relegated to the domain of traditional use, such as in poetry and song. For example, a family’s adults may speak in an older native language, but when they have children, they may not pass on this language, and therefore the language dies in that family. One example of this process reaching its conclusion is that of the Dalmatian language.

B.2. Dead Languages and Normal Language Change

Linguists distinguish between language “death” and the process where a language becomes a “dead language” through normal language change, a linguistic phenomenon similar to pseudoextinction. This happens when a language in the course of its normal development gradually morphs into something that is then recognized as a separate, different language, leaving the old form with no native speakers. Thus, for example, Old English may be regarded as a “dead language”, with no native speakers, although it has never “died” but instead simply changed and developed into Modern English. The process of language change may also involve the splitting up of a language into a family of several daughter languages, leaving the common parent language “dead”. This has happened to Latin, which (through Vulgar Latin) eventually developed into the family of Romance languages. Such a process is normally not described as “language death”, because it involves an unbroken chain of normal transmission of the language from one generation to the next, with only minute changes at every single point in the chain. There is thus no one point where “Latin died”.

1. Endangered Language

An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.

While there is no definite threshold for identifying a language as endangered, three main criteria are used as guidelines:

1. The number of speakers currently living.

2. The mean age of native and/or fluent speakers.

3. The percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency with the language in question.

Some languages, such as those in Indonesia, may have tens of thousands of speakers but be endangered because children are no longer learning them, and speakers are in the process of shifting to using the national language Indonesian (or a local Malay variety) in place of local languages.

In contrast, a language with only 100 speakers might be considered very much alive if it is the primary language of a community, and is the first (or only) language of all children in that community (most of Andaman languages, actually spoken).

Some linguists (among them, Michael Krauss and Stephen Wurm) argue that at least 3,000 of the world’s 6,000-7,000 languages are liable to be lost before the year 2100.

One view holds that this is a problem and the extinction of languages should be prevented, even at significant cost. A number of reasons are cited, including:

* An enormous number of languages represent a vast, largely unmapped terrain on which linguists, cognitive scientists, and philosophers can chart the full capabilities and limits of the mind;

* languages embody unique local knowledge of cultures and natural systems in the regions in which they are spoken and such diversity is essential for promoting scientific and technological progress since it is the interaction of ideas that is one of the major generators of human invention; and

* Languages serve as evidence for understanding human history

The following are examples of endangered languages:

*Ainu

* Berawan, a language spoken by the Berawan people, a small group within the Orang Ulu tribe which exists in Sarawak.

* Breton

* Cajun French

* Curonian (Kursh)

* Latgalian

* Defaka, an Ijoid language of Nigeria

* Istro-Romanian

* Livonian

* Manchu

* Maori

* various Sami languages

* Hawaiian

* Sorbian/Wendish/Lusatian

* Tulu

* Wymysorys/Wilamowicean

In addition, nearly all of the spoken Native American languages in the U.S. and Canada are endangered. These include:

* Catawba

* Lakota

* Cowlitz, Eastern Abnaki, Kalapuya, Klamath-Modoc, Lipan Apache, Serrano, and Tagish each have only a handful of speakers left.